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Among these B cells, an archetypical clonotypic set that recognizes phosphorylcholine (PC) antigens and produces anti\u2010PC IgM, first implicated for roles in microbial protection, was later found to become expanded in hyperlipidemic mice and in response to an increased <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> burden of apoptotic cells. These IgM natural antibodies can enhance clearance of damaged cells and induce intracellular blockade of inflammatory signaling cascades. In clinical populations, raised levels of anti\u2010PC IgM correlate with protection from atherosclerosis and may also downmodulate the severity of autoimmune disease. Human anti\u2010PC\u2013producing clones without hypermutation have been isolated that can similarly discriminate apoptotic from healthy cells. An independent report on unrelated adults has described anti\u2010PC\u2013producing B cells with IgM genes that have conserved CDR3 motifs, similar to stereotypic clonal sets of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Taken together, emerging evidence suggests that, despite the capacity to form an effectively limitless range of Ig receptors, the human immune system may often recurrently generate lymphocytes expressing structurally convergent B cell receptors with protective and homeostatic roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]],"date-time":"2015-05-18T22:59:08Z","timestamp":1431989948000},"page":"164-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Protective natural autoantibodies to apoptotic cells: evidence of convergent selection of recurrent innate\u2010like clones"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1362","author":[{"given":"Gregg J.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pathology, NYU School of Medicine Alexandria Center for Life Science  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90748-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381325a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.2.765"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-08-520031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(69)90183-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3851.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1972.52.3.631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.12.4343","article-title":"Predominance of the prototypic T15 anti\u2010phosphorylcholine junctional sequence in neonatal pre\u2010B cells","volume":"147","author":"Feeney A.J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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