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In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur\u2010containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy\u2010mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy\u2010countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy\u2010mediated atherogenic process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T18:59:37Z","timestamp":1454698777000},"page":"138-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1363","author":[{"given":"Ilya","family":"Chernyavskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhakar","family":"Veeranki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh C.","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"NHLBI Morbidity and Mortality Chartbook","author":"Listed N.A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179705"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.106.134080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132620"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.5.061903.175930"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00238-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0150-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2000.00162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210792062867"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.369S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Bonomini F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histol. 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