{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:48:20Z","timestamp":1790812100152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["AOD13017-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOD13017-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rodenticides and pesticides pose a significant threat not only to the environment but also directly to humans by way of accidental and\/or intentional exposure. Metal phosphides, such as aluminum, magnesium, and zinc phosphides, have gained popularity owing to ease of manufacture and application. These agents and their hydrolysis by\u2010product phosphine gas (PH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) are more than adequate for eliminating pests, primarily in the grain storage industry. In addition to the potential for accidental exposures in the manufacture and use of these agents, intentional exposures must also be considered. As examples, ingestion of metal phosphides is a well\u2010known suicide route, especially in Asia; and intentional release of PH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in a populated area cannot be discounted. Metal phosphides cause a wide array of effects that include cellular poisoning, oxidative stress, cholinesterase inhibition, circulatory failure, cardiotoxicity, gastrointestinal and pulmonary toxicity, hepatic damage, neurological toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, and overall metabolic disturbances. Mortality rates often exceed 70%. There are no specific antidotes against metal phosphide poisoning. Current therapeutic intervention is limited to supportive care. The development of beneficial medical countermeasures will rely on investigative mechanistic toxicology; the ultimate goal will be to identify specific treatments and therapeutic windows for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T03:07:33Z","timestamp":1464145653000},"page":"41-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1374","author":[{"given":"Alfred M.","family":"Sciuto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Immunology Branch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Hoard\u2010Fruchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology, Research Division US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense  Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Report of the methyl bromide technical options committee: 2006 assessment","author":"M.B.T.O.C","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-200068847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of aluminum phosphide poisoning in a hospital study","volume":"94","author":"Chugh S.N.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J. 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