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In rat models, the initial steps in activation of the coagulation system at extravascular sites depend on tissue factor (TF) expression by airway cells, especially in the microparticle fraction, and these effects can be inhibited by TF pathway inhibitor protein. Not only does the procoagulant environment of the acutely injured lung contribute to airway cast formation, but these lesions persist in airways because of the activation of multiple antifibrinolytic pathways, including plasminogen activator inhibitor\u20101, thrombin\u2010activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and \u03b12\u2010antiplasmin. Airway administration of tissue plasminogen activator can overwhelm these effects and save lives by preventing fibrin\u2010dependent airway obstruction, gas\u2010exchange abnormalities, and respiratory failure. In human survivors of SM inhalation, fibrotic processes, including bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, are among the most disabling chronic lesions. Antifibrotic therapies may prove useful in preventing either or both of these forms of chronic lung damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]],"date-time":"2016-07-06T17:46:26Z","timestamp":1467827186000},"page":"87-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sulfur mustard inhalation: mechanisms of injury, alteration of coagulation, and fibrinolytic therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1378","author":[{"given":"Carl W.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond C.","family":"Rancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia A.","family":"Veress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/QJ8601200109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1981.tb01527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"SAMS Hospital sees mustard gas victims in Mare'e, Aleppo","author":"SAMA Foundation","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Kohnavard N.2016. 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