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For many years, it was considered an environmental pollutant and a health concern only in occupational settings. Recently, however, it was discovered that H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S is produced endogenously and plays critical physiological roles as a gasotransmitter. Although at low physiological concentrations it is physiologically beneficial, exposure to high concentrations of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S is known to cause brain damage, leading to neurodegeneration and long\u2010term neurological sequelae or death. Neurological sequelae include motor, behavioral, and cognitive deficits, which are incapacitating. Currently, there are concerns about accidental or malicious acute mass civilian exposure to H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S. There is a major unmet need for an ideal neuroprotective treatment, for use in the field, in the event of mass civilian exposure to high H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S concentrations. This review focuses on the neuropathology of high acute H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S exposure, knowledge gaps, and the challenges associated with development of effective neuroprotective therapy to counteract H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S\u2010induced neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T19:18:35Z","timestamp":1469128715000},"page":"5-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Acute hydrogen sulfide\u2013induced neuropathology and neurological sequelae: challenges for translational neuroprotective research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1378","author":[{"given":"Wilson","family":"Rumbeiha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Whitley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis LLC  Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poojya","family":"Anantharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthi","family":"Kanthasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197902000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five hundred years of rare and interesting books.University of Urbana\u2010Champaign Rare Book Room Exhibit. 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