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Although clinical complaints can be mild or moderate, patients with GERD may develop further complications, such as peptic strictures, Barrett's esophagus (BE), and even esophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathologically, GERD is developed as a result of chronic and enhanced exposure of the esophageal epithelium to noxious gastric refluxate. In this review article, we provide an overview of GERD and then focus on the roles of stromal cells, interleukin 4, and adiponectin in GERD and BE. The importance of inflammation and immunomodulators in GERD pathogenesis is highlighted. Targeting the immunomodulators or inflammation in general may improve the therapeutic outcome of GERD, in particular, in those refractory to proton pump inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T19:18:47Z","timestamp":1469128727000},"page":"183-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Contribution of immunomodulators to gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications: stromal cells, interleukin 4, and adiponectin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1380","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Ningxia Medical University General Hospital  Yinchuan Ningxia China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Program, JLC\u2010BBRI North Carolina Central University  Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin 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