{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1787846388618,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK079954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK079954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The high\u2010pressure zone of the gastroesophageal junction acts as a multifunctional valve that comprises different groups of smooth muscles located in the distal esophagus and the proximal stomach, in addition to the extrinsic crural diaphragm, composed of skeletal muscle. In this review article, we evaluate the current literature with respect to human subjects, discussing the anatomic locations and physiologic and pharmacologic processes controlling these muscles. These muscles work individually and as a group to prevent reflux of gastric contents while allowing anterograde passage of food and liquid and retrograde passage of gas. We also reviewed new findings with respect to abnormalities that are permissive of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T20:46:26Z","timestamp":1477601186000},"page":"48-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Normal and abnormal physiology, pharmacology, and anatomy of the gastroesophageal junction high\u2010pressure zone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1380","author":[{"given":"Larry","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Northwell Health  Manhasset New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Vegesna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Northwell Health  Manhasset New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Temple University School of Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Braverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Temple University School of Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1958.38.4.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90143-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200544"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80124-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90140-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(95)80014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70015-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"G1321","article-title":"Regional differences in cholinergic activity of muscle fibers from the human gastroesophageal junction","volume":"272","author":"Preiksaitis H.G.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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