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These chemicals are very toxic and produce both acute and chronic tissue damage. On the basis of these observations, and considering the low cost and simple methods of their bulk syntheses, these agents were thought to be appropriate for chemical warfare. Among these, the best\u2010known agent that was synthesized and weaponized during World War I (WWI) is Lewisite. Exposure to Lewisite causes painful inflammatory and blistering responses in the skin, lung, and eye. These chemicals also manifest systemic tissue injury following their cutaneous exposure. Although largely discontinued after WWI, stockpiles are still known to exist in the former Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, the United States, and Asia. Thus, access by terrorists or accidental exposure could be highly dangerous for humans and the environment. This review summarizes studies that describe the biological, pathophysiological, toxicological, and environmental effects of exposure to arsenicals, with a major focus on cutaneous injury. Studies related to the development of novel molecular pathobiology\u2013based antidotes against these agents are also described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T17:53:05Z","timestamp":1474048385000},"page":"143-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Biological and environmental hazards associated with exposure to chemical warfare agents: arsenicals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1378","author":[{"given":"Changzhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritesh K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Athar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Molecular Biology and Toxicology of Metals","author":"Wildfang E.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800159-2.00015-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060032.ch23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.29.1153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374392a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.1999.00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9298259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Radio\u2010autographic studies of the distribution of lewisite and mustard gas in skin and eye tissues","volume":"23","author":"Axelrod D.J.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. 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