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During the last few years, plausible clinical correlates and novel approaches for stratification of LyE have started to emerge. Association with Crohn's disease has been established in children, but is not observed in adults. In adults, the form of LyE showing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010predominant IELs has been recently found to be associated with non\u2010achalasia primary motility abnormalities. GERD is another possible association. The most common clinical manifestations of adult LyE are dysphagia and normal endoscopic appearance of the esophagus. LyE should be reported by pathologists in order to distinguish it from its mimics, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, and to assist in directing the next steps in evaluation for known associated diseases, such as Crohn's disease or motility disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T17:53:16Z","timestamp":1474048396000},"page":"133-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lymphocytic esophagitis: a histologic pattern with emerging clinical ramifications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1381","author":[{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Lisovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Dartmouth\u2010Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Lebanon New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Westerhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213392.49698.8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90114-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"197A","article-title":"Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are a feature of non\u2010achalasia primary esophageal motility disorders (PEMD) [abstract]","volume":"27","author":"Putra J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. 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