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In many communities in the developing countries of Africa, the staple diets of polished rice or processed cassava are deficient in thiamine, and thus the communities are at high risk for marginal or frank thiamine deficiency unless their diets are supplemented by other sources of thiamine, such as protein meals and vegetables. African communities with large numbers of individuals in low socioeconomic strata are more likely to subsist on a monotonous diet of rice or cassava with minimal or no protein supplementation and are therefore particularly at risk of thiamine\u2010deficiency disorders. Indeed, there is evidence of widespread biochemical thiamine deficiency from community\u2010based studies in Africa. The protean manifestations of thiamine deficiency disorders in the developing countries of Africa are presented in this paper. We present evidence supporting the contention that there is a diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine\u2010deficiency disorders in Africa. We discuss research and clinical options for bridging the putative diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine\u2010deficiency disorders in the developing countries of Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T15:16:39Z","timestamp":1508858199000},"page":"15-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub\u2010Saharan Africa?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1408","author":[{"given":"Bola","family":"Adamolekun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Hiffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"WHO & UNHCR.1999.Thiamine deficiency and its prevention and control in major emergencies. 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