{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:12:21Z","timestamp":1791339141032,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]],"date-time":"2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201006\u2010MRAR\u2010001\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201006\u2010MRAR\u2010001\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH\u20102009\u2010242\u2010210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH\u20102009\u2010242\u2010210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases than men. Autoimmunity results from tolerance breakdown toward self\u2010components. Recently, three transcription modulators were identified in medullary thymic epithelial cells that orchestrate immune central tolerance processes: the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), FEZ family zinc finger 2 (FEZF2 or FEZ1), and PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1). Interestingly, these three transcription modulators regulate nonredundant tissue\u2010specific antigen subsets and thus cover broad antigen diversity. Recent data from different groups demonstrated that sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) are involved in the regulation of thymic AIRE expression in humans and mice through direct transcriptional modulation and epigenetic changes. As a consequence, AIRE displays gender\u2010biased thymic expression, with females showing a lower expression compared with males, a finding that could explain the female susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. So far, FEZF2 has not been related to an increased gender bias in autoimmune disease. PRDM1 expression has not been shown to display gender\u2010differential thymic expression, but its expression level and its gene polymorphisms are associated with female\u2010dependent autoimmune disease risk. Altogether, various studies have demonstrated that increased female susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is in part a consequence of hormone\u2010driven reduced thymic AIRE expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T03:26:41Z","timestamp":1514777201000},"page":"21-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["AIRE: a missing link to explain female susceptibility to autoimmune diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1412","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Berrih\u2010Aknin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Sorbonne Universities  Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM U974  Paris France"},{"name":"AIM Institute of Myology  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozen Le","family":"Panse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Sorbonne Universities  Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM U974  Paris France"},{"name":"AIM Institute of Myology  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Dragin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Sorbonne Universities  Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM U974  Paris France"},{"name":"AIM Institute of Myology  Paris France"},{"name":"Inovarion  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8567-2","article-title":"A review of autoimmune disease hypotheses with introduction of the \u201cnucleolus\u201d hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Brooks W.H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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