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It is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptor and muscle\u2010specific tyrosine kinase; however, some MG patients do not have antibodies against either of the proteins. Recent studies have revealed antibodies against agrin and its receptor LRP4\u2014both critical for neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance\u2014in MG patients from various populations. Results from experimental autoimmune MG animal models indicate that anti\u2010LRP4 antibodies are causal to MG. Clinical studies have begun to reveal the significance of the new biomarkers. With their identification, MG appears to be a complex disease entity that can be classified into different subtypes with different etiology, each with unique symptoms. Future systematic studies of large cohorts of well\u2010diagnosed MG patients are needed to determine whether each subtype of patients would respond to different therapeutic strategies. Results should contribute to the goal of precision medicine for MG patients. Anti\u2010agrin and anti\u2010LRP4 antibodies are also detectable in some patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease; however, whether they are a cause or response to the disorder remains unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T20:03:28Z","timestamp":1517256208000},"page":"126-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Agrin and LRP4 antibodies as new biomarkers of myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1413","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Science Nanchang University  Nanchang China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanchang University  Nanchang China"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang\u2010Lin","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Cheng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC  Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC  Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.038711"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","article-title":"Neuromuscular junction formation, ageing, and disorders","author":"Li L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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