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Many populations worldwide may be at risk of clinical or subclinical thiamine deficiencies, due to famine, reliance on staple crops with low thiamine content, or food preparation practices, such as milling grains and washing milled rice. Clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency are variable; this, along with the lack of a readily accessible and widely agreed upon biomarker of thiamine status, complicates efforts to diagnose thiamine deficiency and assess its global prevalence. Strategies to identify regions at risk of thiamine deficiency through proxy measures, such as analysis of food balance sheet data and month\u2010specific infant mortality rates, may be valuable for understanding the scope of thiamine deficiency. Urgent public health responses are warranted in high\u2010risk regions, considering the contribution of thiamine deficiency to infant mortality and research suggesting that even subclinical thiamine deficiency in childhood may have lifelong neurodevelopmental consequences. Food fortification and maternal and\/or infant thiamine supplementation have proven effective in raising thiamine status and reducing the incidence of infantile beriberi in regions where thiamine deficiency is prevalent, but trial data are limited. Efforts to determine culturally and environmentally appropriate food vehicles for thiamine fortification are ongoing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:33:51Z","timestamp":1535459631000},"page":"3-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":307,"title":["Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1430","author":[{"given":"Kyly C.","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Human Nutrition Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan W.","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science The New York Academy of Sciences New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bola","family":"Adamolekun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science The New York Academy of Sciences New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucien","family":"Bettendorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA\u2010Neurosciences University of Li\u00e8ge Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory Cambridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviva","family":"Fattal\u2010Valevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv Medical Center, Dana\u2010Dwek Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories Salt Lake City Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Hiffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctors without Borders (MSF) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lwin Mar","family":"Hlaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nutrition Center, Ministry of Health and Sports Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Jefferds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallie","family":"Kapner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent contractor New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengchanh","family":"Kounnavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health Vientiane Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maral P.S.","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Nefeli","family":"Tsaloglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics for All Inc. 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