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Because many countries have a relatively low supply of foods rich in vitamin D and inadequate exposure to natural ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight, an important proportion of the global population is at risk of vitamin D deficiency. There is general agreement that the minimum serum\/plasma 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25(OH)D) that protects against vitamin D deficiency\u2013related bone disease is approximately 30\u00a0nmol\/L; therefore, this threshold is suitable to define vitamin D deficiency in population surveys. However, efforts to assess the vitamin D status of populations in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries have been hampered by limited availability of population\u2010representative 25(OH)D data, particularly among population subgroups most vulnerable to the skeletal and potential extraskeletal consequences of low vitamin D status, namely exclusively breastfed infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. In the absence of 25(OH)D data, identification of communities that would benefit from public health interventions to improve vitamin D status may require proxy indicators of the population risk of vitamin D deficiency, such as the prevalence of rickets or metrics of usual UVB exposure. If a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is identified (&gt;20% prevalence of 25(OH)D &lt;\u00a030\u00a0nmol\/L) or the risk for vitamin D deficiency is determined to be high based on proxy indicators (e.g., prevalence of rickets &gt;1%), food fortification and\/or targeted vitamin D supplementation policies can be implemented to reduce the burden of vitamin D deficiency\u2013related conditions in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T03:33:50Z","timestamp":1537241630000},"page":"44-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":458,"title":["Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1430","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Aloia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Winthrop Hospital Mineola New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science The New York Academy of Sciences New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan W.","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science The New York Academy of Sciences New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona S.","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Cashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Medford Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Mar\u00eda","family":"De\u2010Regil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition International Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Jefferds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"on the basis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory Cambridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallie","family":"Kapner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Contractor New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian R.","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynnette M.","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary L.","family":"Schleicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"on the basis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom D.","family":"Thacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"The World Bank.2018. 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