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Our review discusses impulsivity as an underlying vulnerability marker for SUDs, and treatment of co\u2010occurring impulsivity in SUDs. Three factors should be considered for the complex relationship between impulsivity and a SUD: (1) the trait effect of impulsivity, centering on decreased cognitive and response inhibition, (2) the state effect resulting from either acute or chronic substance use on brain structure and function, and (3) the genetic and environmental factors (e.g., age and sex) may influence impulsive behavior associated with SUDs. Both subjective and objective measures are used to assess impulsivity. Together, treatment developments (pharmacological, behavioral, and neurophysiological) should consider these clinically relevant dimensions assessed by a variety of measures, which have implications for treatment matching in individuals with SUD. Despite its heterogeneity, impulsivity is a marker associated with SUDs and may be understood as an imbalance of bottom\u2010up and top\u2010down neural systems. Further investigation of these relationships may lead to more effective SUD treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T06:53:21Z","timestamp":1538808801000},"page":"71-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["The neurobiology of impulsivity and substance use disorders: implications for treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1451","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kozak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya M.","family":"Lucatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darby J.E.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris M.","family":"Balodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"MacKillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony P.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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