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Here, we established a fracture model in 12\u2010week\u2010old male mice to observe two healing states: the cartilaginous callus and bony callus formation phases. Our results showed that recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) injection inhibits cartilaginous callus maturation and hard callus formation, thereby impairing fracture healing <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, rGDF11 administration inhibited chondrocyte differentiation and maturation by phosphorylating SMAD2\/3 protein and inhibiting RUNX2 expression. Notably, inhibition of TGF\u2010\u03b2 activity by a SMAD\u2010specific inhibitor attenuated GDF11 effects. Thus, our study demonstrates that, rather than acting as a rejuvenating agent, rGDF11 impairs fracture healing by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation and maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T18:15:18Z","timestamp":1545416118000},"page":"54-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recombinant growth differentiation factor 11 impairs fracture healing through inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1440","author":[{"given":"Rixin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu 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