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Understanding anemia's varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context\u2010specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. We outline definitions and classifications of anemia, describe the biological mechanisms through which anemia develops, and review the variety of conditions that contribute to anemia development. We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection\/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia's complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T12:05:02Z","timestamp":1555934702000},"page":"15-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":892,"title":["Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1450","author":[{"given":"Camila M.","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant International Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parminder S.","family":"Suchdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Emory University Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Emory Global Health Institute Emory University Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Nutrition Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2011.Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. 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