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While the combination of reduced exercise, increased sedentary time, poor diet, and genetic predisposition is undoubtedly pivotal in generating obesity and increasing disease risk, a large body of work indicates that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) contributes to obesity\u2010related disease development and progression. In obesity, sympathetic nervous activity is regionalized, with activity in some outflows being particularly sensitive to the obese state, whereas other outflows, or responses to stimuli, may be blunted, thereby making the assessment of sympathetic nervous activation in the clinical setting difficult. Isotope dilution methods and direct nerve recording techniques have been developed and utilized in clinical research, demonstrating that in obesity there is preferential activation of the muscle vasoconstrictor and renal sympathetic outflows. With weight loss, sympathetic activity is reduced. Importantly, sympathetic nervous activity is associated with end\u2010organ dysfunction and changes in sympathetic activation that accompany weight loss are often reflected in an improvement of end\u2010organ function. Whether targeting the SNS directly improves obesity\u2010related illness remains unknown, but merits further attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T10:28:32Z","timestamp":1562149712000},"page":"56-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sympathetic activity in obesity: a brief review of methods and supportive data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1454","author":[{"given":"Gavin W.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"},{"name":"The School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus P.","family":"Schlaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital Unit University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Eikelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"},{"name":"The School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"},{"name":"The School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.4.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917060-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409273111303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.19.6.628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32829baae7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"959","article-title":"Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980","volume":"16","author":"Young J.B.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. 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