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However, it is unclear how ASR itself alters responses to stress. Rats (A\u2010S\u2010A) were exposed to acoustic startle (AS) 1 day before SPS (ASR1) and 2 weeks afterward (ASR2). Other groups were exposed in parallel to either AS (A\u2010A) or SPS or neither. SPS enhanced ASR2. In relevant brain areas, mRNA levels were determined by qRT\u2010PCR. In mediobasal hypothalamus, AS or SPS each increased CRH mRNA levels without an additive effect. Exposure to AS appeared to dampen some responses to SPS. The SPS\u2010triggered reduction of GR and FKBP5 gene expression was not observed in A\u2010S\u2010A group. In locus coeruleus, SPS increased CRHR1 and reduced Y2R mRNAs, but not in A\u2010S\u2010A group. In both regions, AS altered NPY receptor gene expression, which may mediate dampening responses to SPS. In second experiment, intranasal NPY administered 2 weeks after SPS reversed hyperarousal symptoms for at least 7 days. This study reveals important effects of AS on the NPY system and demonstrates that intranasal NPY elicits long\u2010lasting reversal of traumatic stress\u2013triggered hyperarousal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T06:14:13Z","timestamp":1561702453000},"page":"149-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Preclinical findings on the potential of intranasal neuropeptide Y for treating hyperarousal features of PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1455","author":[{"given":"Chiso","family":"Nwokafor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology New York Medical College  Valhalla New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia I.","family":"Serova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology New York Medical College  Valhalla New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther L.","family":"Sabban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology New York Medical College  Valhalla New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00202-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00219-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Neurotransmitter alterations in PTSD: catecholamines and serotonin","volume":"4","author":"Southwick S.M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. 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