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Elevated levels of CgA\u2010related polypeptides, consisting of full\u2010length molecules and fragments, are detected in the blood of patients suffering from neuroendocrine tumors, heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Full\u2010length CgA and various CgA\u2010derived peptides, including vasostatin\u20101, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinin, are expressed at different relative levels in normal and pathological conditions and exert diverse, and sometime opposite, biological functions. For example, CgA is overexpressed in genetic hypertension, whereas catestatin is diminished. In rodents, the administration of catestatin decreases hypertension, cardiac contractility, obesity, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, and it improves insulin sensitivity. By contrast, pancreastatin is elevated in diabetic patients, and the administration of this peptide to obese mice decreases insulin sensitivity and increases inflammation. CgA and the N\u2010terminal fragment of vasostatin\u20101 can enhance the endothelial barrier function, exert antiangiogenic effects, and inhibit tumor growth in animal models, whereas CgA fragments lacking the CgA C\u2010terminal region promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. Overall, the CgA system, consisting of full\u2010length CgA and its fragments, is emerging as an important and complex player in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T05:38:51Z","timestamp":1570426731000},"page":"34-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1455","author":[{"given":"Sushil K.","family":"Mahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California"},{"name":"Metabolic Physiology &amp; Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine University of California  San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute San Raffaele Vita\u2010Salute University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0970040C"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/215058a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45486-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90222-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(95)00069-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi700704r"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001232200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0300433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1613"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7394"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101545200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0838"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Identification of novel loci affecting circulating chromogranins and related peptides","volume":"26","author":"Benyamin B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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