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However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem\u2010solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such as using an adenovirus vector as a carrier, designing bivalent vaccines, stimulating Toll\u2010like receptors for adjuvant effects, and altering the route of administration. Our review also covers passive immunization alone to override or prevent drug toxicity as well as in combination with vaccines for more rapid and potentially greater efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T04:40:27Z","timestamp":1583728827000},"page":"3-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Current status of immunotherapies for addiction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1489","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Kosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. 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