{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:43:34Z","timestamp":1790135014703,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cracked teeth are the third most common cause of tooth loss, but there is no reliable imaging tool for the diagnosis of cracks. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of indocyanine green near\u2010infrared fluorescence (ICG\u2010NIRF) dental imaging for the detection of enamel cracks and enamel\u2013dentin cracks <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> in the first (ICG\u2010NIRF\u2010I, 700\u2013950 nm) and second (ICG\u2010NIRF\u2010II, 950\u20131700 nm) imaging windows with transmission excitation light, and compared ICG\u2010NIRF with conventional NIR illumination\u2010II (NIRi\u2010II) and X\u2010ray imaging. Dentin cracks were detected by CT scan, while most enamel cracks, undetectable under X\u2010ray imaging, were clearly visible in NIR images. We found that ICG\u2010NIRF\u2010II detected cracks more effectively than NIRi\u2010II, and that light orientation is an important factor for crack detection: an angled exposure obtained better image contrast of cracks than parallel exposure, as it created a shadow under the crack. Crack depth could be evaluated from the crack shadow in ICG\u2010NIRF and NIRi\u2010II images; from this shadow we could determine crack depth and discriminate enamel\u2013dentin cracks from craze lines. Cracks could be observed clearly from ICG\u2010NIRF images with 1\u2010min ICG tooth immersion, although longer ICG immersion produced images with greater contrast. Overall, our data show that ICG\u2010NIRF dental imaging is a useful tool for diagnosing cracked teeth at an early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T03:55:03Z","timestamp":1591761303000},"page":"52-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Detection and analysis of enamel cracks by ICG\u2010NIR fluorescence dental imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1475","author":[{"given":"Zhongqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshita V.","family":"Holamoge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry Louisiana State University Health Science Center  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Sustainability University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaomian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.hjd.1001003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Rivera E.&R.Walton.2008.Cracking the cracked tooth code: detection and treatment of various longitudinal tooth fractures.American Association of Endodontists."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-013-0104-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1998.tb06099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1996.tb00529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2008.00231.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1981.tb01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Restorative Dentistry","author":"Walmsley A.D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","article-title":"Automatic quantification framework to detect cracks in teeth","volume":"10578","author":"Shah H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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