{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:53:48Z","timestamp":1783065228275,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2014, there was an outbreak of beriberi on Kuria, a remote atoll in Kiribati, a small Pacific Island nation. A thiamine\u2010poor diet consisting mainly of rice, sugar, and small amounts of fortified flour was likely to blame. We aimed to design a food fortification strategy to improve thiamine intakes in Kuria. We surveyed all 104 households on Kuria with a pregnant woman or a child 0\u201359 months. Repeat 24\u2010h dietary recalls were collected from 90 men, 17 pregnant, 44 lactating, and 41 other women of reproductive age. The prevalence of inadequate thiamine intakes was &gt;30% in all groups. Dietary modeling predicted that rice or sugar fortified at a rate of 0.3 and 1.4 mg per 100 g, respectively, would reduce the prevalence of inadequate thiamine intakes to &lt;2.5% in all groups. Fortification is challenging because Kiribati imports food from several countries, depending on price and availability. One exception is flour, which is imported from Fiji. Although resulting in less coverage than rice or sugar, fortifying wheat flour with an additional 3.7 mg per 100 g would reduce the prevalence of inadequacy to under 10%. Kiribati is small and has limited resources; thus, a regional approach to thiamine fortification is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T11:04:34Z","timestamp":1610708674000},"page":"108-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling thiamine fortification: a case study from Kuria atoll, Republic of Kiribati"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1498","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim J.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAHMRI Women and Kids Theme South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyly C.","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Human Nutrition Mount Saint Vincent University  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients","author":"Allen L.H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Aburto N.J. M.Abudou V.Candeias et\u00a0al.2014.Effect and safety of salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders: a systematic review with meta\u2010analyses. WHO eLibrary of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA).World Health Organization Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Houghton L.A.&T.Green.2018.Consultancy on beriberi thiamine deficiency its causes and potential solutions Kiribati.World Health Organization Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia.2020.Kiribati country brief. 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B.Burlingame S.Kumar et\u00a0al.2004.The Pacific Islands food composition tables.Rome."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.12.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.11.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes: the Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572118817179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6030081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2013.Salt reduction and iodine fortification strategies in public health: report of a joint technical meeting convened by the World Health Organization and the George Institute for Global Health in collaboration with the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Global Network Sydney Australia.Geneva:World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002444"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nyas.14561","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/nyas.14561","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nyas.14561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T21:33:27Z","timestamp":1692999207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nyas.14561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nyas.14561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14561","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}