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We conducted a literature review of published and unpublished data to identify relevant adult cases with confirmed thiamine deficiency of nonalcoholic cause in developed countries. We selected 17 reports with 81 adult cases of confirmed thiamine deficiency affecting adult patients with a wide range of ages and underlying conditions (e.g., cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, heart failure, and obesity). Thiamine deficiency may have been caused by disease\u2010related malnutrition, bariatric surgery, chronic use of diuretics, repeated vomiting, lack of thiamine in parenteral nutrition formulas, food insecurity, and reliance on monotonous or restrictive diets. Treatment with intravenous thiamine resulted in partial or complete recovery from the symptoms (cardiac, neurologic, and metabolic disorders) for most patients. The number and variety of symptomatic thiamine\u2010deficient adults identified in this review demonstrates that thiamine deficiency is not exclusive to LMICs and, in high\u2010income settings, is not exclusive to alcoholic patients. In developed countries, this serious but treatable condition can be expected in patients suffering from various medical conditions or following certain dietary patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T04:41:46Z","timestamp":1613277706000},"page":"46-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Thiamine deficiency unrelated to alcohol consumption in high\u2010income countries: a literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1498","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1702-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Academy of Sciences  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Academy of Sciences  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1201-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan W.","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Academy of Sciences  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip R.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City  Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency (beriberi) induced polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Cui C.Q.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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