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Here, we evaluated the progression of melanoma and the underlying mechanisms related to this progression, namely cell proliferation and apoptosis, in adult female mice exposed to MS. Female C57BL\/6 mice were exposed to MS for 60 min\/day during the first 2 postnatal weeks (here called MS mice) or left undisturbed (here called non\u2010MS mice). Melanoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the axillary region of adult animals, and tumor progression was evaluated for 25 days. Adult MS mice presented depressive\u2010like behavior and working memory deficits. MS accelerated murine melanoma growth by mechanisms related to decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation rate, such as increased expression of IL\u20106 and mTOR. MS stimulated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 expression and increased the number of circulating monocytes and DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes, an effect associated with oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, MS accelerated the progression of murine melanoma by mechanisms related to tumor proliferation and apoptosis, revealing a relationship between adverse childhood experiences and cancer progression, particularly melanoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T06:15:13Z","timestamp":1624947313000},"page":"40-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early maternal separation enhances melanoma progression in adult female mice by immune mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1502","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Stef\u00e2nio","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley Lyeverton Correia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0725-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Co\u00ealho","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1513-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Goberl\u00e2nio de Barros","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caren N\u00e1dia","family":"Soares de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Germana Silva","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Negreiros","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoel Odorico de","family":"Moraes Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle S.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT\u2010TM, CNPq)  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"InBrief: the impact of early adversity on children's development. 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