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Young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant women are among the most vulnerable. Anemia is the consequence of a wide range of causes, including biological, socioeconomic, and ecological risk factors. Primary causes include: iron deficiency; inherited red blood cell disorders; infections, such as soil\u2010transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis, and malaria; gynecological and obstetric conditions; and other chronic diseases that lead to blood loss, decreased erythropoiesis, or destruction of erythrocytes. The most vulnerable population groups in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries are often at the greatest risk to suffer from several of these causes simultaneously as low socioeconomic status is linked with an increased risk of anemia through multiple pathways. Targeted and effective action is needed to prevent anemia. Understanding the causes and risk factors of anemia for different population subgroups within a country guides the design and implementation of effective strategies to prevent and treat anemia. A coordinated approach across various expert groups and programs could make the best use of existing data or could help to determine when newer and more relevant data may need to be collected, especially in countries with a high anemia burden and limited information on the etiology of anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T07:28:34Z","timestamp":1680074914000},"page":"11-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Accelerating action to reduce anemia: Review of causes and risk factors and related data needs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1523","author":[{"given":"Sonja Y.","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition University of California Davis Davis California USA"},{"name":"Micronutrient Forum Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aatekah","family":"Owais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health Hospital for Sick Children on behalf of Exemplars in Global Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena D.","family":"Jefferds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa F.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Ventures on behalf of Exemplars in Global Health Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Safety World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Hemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.676S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125915"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Nutritional anemias: Tools for effective prevention and control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Global anemia reduction efforts among women of reproductive age: Impact, achievement of targets and the way forward for optimizing efforts","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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