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Astrocytes are heterogeneous, with their diversity rooted in developmental programs modulated by the local brain environment. Astrocytes play integral roles in regulating and coordinating neural activity extending far beyond their metabolic support of neurons and other brain cell phenotypes. Both gray and white matter astrocytes occupy critical functional niches capable of modulating brain physiology on time scales slower than synaptic activity but faster than those adaptive responses requiring a structural change or adaptive myelination. Given their many associations and functional roles, it is not surprising that astrocytic dysfunction has been causally implicated in a broad set of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries concerning the contributions of astrocytes to the function of neural networks, with a dual focus on the contribution of astrocytes to synaptic development and maturation, and on their role in supporting myelin integrity, and hence conduction and its regulation. We then address the emerging roles of astrocytic dysfunction in disease pathogenesis and on potential strategies for targeting these cells for therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T13:25:12Z","timestamp":1684848312000},"page":"41-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Astrocytes as master modulators of neural networks: Synaptic functions and disease\u2010associated dysfunction of astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1525","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Stogsdill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sana Biotechnology Inc.  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey C.","family":"Harwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sana Biotechnology Inc.  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuromedicine University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences  Copenhagen 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