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However, the specific molecular and neural processes modulated by steroid hormones to generate social behaviors remain to be elucidated. We investigated whether some actions of androgen signaling in the control of social behavior may occur through the regulation of estradiol synthesis in the highly social cichlid fish,\n                    <jats:italic>Astatotilapia burtoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Specifically, we examined the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>cyp19a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a brain\u2010specific aromatase, in the brains of male\n                    <jats:italic>A. burtoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacking a functional AR\u03b1 gene (\n                    <jats:italic>ar1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which was recently found to be necessary for aggression in this species. We found that\n                    <jats:italic>cyp19a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression is higher in wild\u2010type males compared to\n                    <jats:italic>ar1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant males in the anterior tuberal nucleus (ATn), the putative fish homolog of the mammalian ventromedial hypothalamus, a brain region that is critical for aggression across taxa. Using\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization chain reaction, we determined that\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      cyp19a1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    cells coexpress\n                    <jats:italic>ar1<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout the brain, including in the ATn. We speculate that AR\u03b1 may modulate\n                    <jats:italic>cyp19a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the ATn to govern aggression in\n                    <jats:italic>A. burtoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These studies provide novel insights into the hormonal mechanisms of social behavior in teleosts and lay a foundation for future functional studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T09:00:20Z","timestamp":1705654820000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Androgen receptor deficiency is associated with reduced aromatase expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus of male cichlids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1532","author":[{"given":"Mariana S.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau A.","family":"Alward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Houston  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Principles of Hormone\/Behavior Relations","author":"Pfaff D. 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