{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:53:32Z","timestamp":1772160812274,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Elephants are known for strongly lateralized trunk behaviors, but the mechanisms driving elephant lateralization are poorly understood. Here, we investigate features of elephant mouth organization that presumably promote lateralization. We find the lower jaw of elephants is of narrow width, but is rostrally strongly elongated even beyond the jaw bone. Elephant lip vibrissae become progressively longer rostrally. Thus, elephants have two lateral dense, short microvibrissae arrays and central, less dense long macrovibrissae. This is an inversion of the ancestral mammalian facial vibrissae pattern, where central, dense short microvibrissae are flanked by two lateral macrovibrissae arrays. Elephant microvibrissae have smaller follicles than macrovibrissae. Similar to trunk\u2010tip vibrissae, elephant lip microvibrissae show laterally asymmetric abrasion. Observations on Asian zoo elephants indicate lateralized abrasion results from lateralized feeding. It appears that the ancestral mammalian mouth (upper and lower lips, incisors, frontal microvibrissae) is shaped by oral food apprehension. The elephant mouth organization radically changed, however, because trunk\u2010mediated feeding replaced oral apprehension. Such elephant mouth changes include the upper lip\u2013nose fusion to the trunk, the super\u2010flexible elongated lower jaw, the loss of incisors, and lateral rather than frontal microvibrissae. Elephants\u2019 specialization for lateral food insertion is reflected by the reduction in the centering effects of oral food apprehension and lip vibrissae patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1722848435000},"page":"85-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macrovibrissae and microvibrissae inversion and lateralization in elephants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1538","author":[{"given":"Hazal","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Gerhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Zoological Garden  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Zoological Garden  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Zoological Garden  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kruger National Park Veterinary Wildlife Services  Skuzuza South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin\u2010Mari","family":"de Klerk\u2010Lorist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) State Veterinary Office &amp; Laboratory  Skukuza South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169\u20105347(98)01491\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010marine\u2010122414\u2010033905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1369017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22237\/elephant\/1521732098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22237\/elephant\/1521731887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Trunks, tongues, and tentacles: Moving with skeletons of muscle","volume":"77","author":"Smith K. K.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"The elephant's head: Studies in the comparative anatomy of the organs of the head of the Indian elephant and other mammals","author":"Boas J. E. V.","year":"1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0080456800016082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1914.tb07067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166\u20104328(97)83328\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010023\u201004945\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4370-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650x.2021.1999253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21638\/11701\/spbu03.2017.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735\u20107036.117.4.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Mann\u2212Whitney U Test Calculator"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Easy Fisher Exact Test Calculator"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051530211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605573103"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"The musculature of the mystacial vibrissae of the white mouse","volume":"135","author":"D\u00f6rfl J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.24.554618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v43i2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820584-6.00011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4217\u201013.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20497"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nyas.15194","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T13:30:14Z","timestamp":1724506214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nyas.15194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nyas.15194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.15194","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/NYAS.15194\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/NYAS.15194\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/NYAS.15194\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/NYAS.15194\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/NYAS.15194\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}