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In recent years, they have demonstrated excellent antimicrobial properties, thus becoming another research hotspot in the antimicrobial field. However, most of the studies showed that CDs were effective in inhibiting Gram\u2010positive bacteria but ineffective against Gram\u2010negative bacteria. In this study, macadamia nutshell (MNS)\u2010CDs were prepared from the hard shells of macadamia nuts by a one\u2010step hydrothermal method, and their appearance, morphology, structural composition, antimicrobial properties, and toxicity were investigated. The results showed that the MNS\u2010CDs were spherical particles with an average diameter of about 4.25\u00a0nm, with hydrophilic groups, a hemolysis rate of less than 2%, good biocompatibility, and excellent antimicrobial properties against both Gram\u2010negative and Gram\u2010positive bacteria. The antimicrobial mechanism of these materials was also investigated. The inhibition of Gram\u2010negative bacteria by MNS\u2010CDs was mainly due to electrostatic interactions, while the inhibition of Gram\u2010positive bacteria was mainly based on activated oxygen sterilization. Furthermore, MNS\u2010CDs achieved good antimicrobial effects when applied in the fields of water purification, plates, fabrics, and food packaging, indicating that the prospects of their broad application are good.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:46:24Z","timestamp":1747374384000},"page":"304-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Green biomass carbon points with efficient broad\u2010spectrum antibacterial activity and widespread application"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1549","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanbin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Technology Extension Station  Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhenkang Miaoling Jinyuan Agricultural Technology Co., LTD.  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