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In the present study, we further examined the cerebellum's role in bilingual language control and the plasticity of the cerebellar network using a training paradigm. Two groups of Chinese\u2013English bilinguals performed the same language switching task in the pre\u2010test and post\u2010test sessions during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. After the pre\u2010test, only the training group received an 8\u2010day training in language switching. Results showed that bilingual language control was associated with a cerebellar network including multiple posterior cerebellar subregions as well as the anterior cerebellum (i.e., lobules IV\u2013V). Furthermore, the cerebellar network exhibited adaptive changes with enhanced local neural efficiency and network connectivity after training. For the first time, our study revealed the plasticity of the cerebellar network in bilingual language control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:29:38Z","timestamp":1748305778000},"page":"274-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short\u2010term language switching training reveals an adaptive cerebellar network for bilingual language control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1549","author":[{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taomei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000246327.89308.a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728906002483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728998000133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429\u2010021\u201002218\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.12.2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010neuro\u2010070918\u2010050258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311\u2010013\u20100540\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311\u2010011\u20100260\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoodley C. 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