{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:53:43Z","timestamp":1772160823006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cooperative Agreement No. 7200AA 18CA00003 to"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement No. 7200AA 18CA00003 to"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UniversityofGeorgia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UniversityofGeorgia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann NY Acad Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>School feeding provides nutrition, brings order to the school day, and enhances student participation. School feeding in low\u2010income countries is often sporadic due to coordination challenges among multiple stakeholders. To assess the reliability of school feeding in Mion district, a food\u2010insecure area in northern Ghana, Project Peanut Butter (PPB) studied ready\u2010to\u2010use school meals (RUSMs) and micronutrient\u2010fortified home\u2010grown school food (HGSF). The school meals were initially provided daily in elementary schools and then extended to junior high schools. The key elements of functional programming were qualitatively compared: costs, ingredient and nutrient content, food preparation, food distribution, and consumer engagement. The cost of ingredients and nutrient content were similar between RUSM and HGSF. Safe and efficient food preparation, distribution, and storage were more readily achieved by RUSM. Consumer engagement is essential for acceptance, but can pose a challenge and disruption contingent upon the degree of ownership the community asserts over food rations. This was seen when pre\u2010school age children were sent to collect food rations from the elementary schools in numbers that exceeded the student enrollment. Overall, the use of a RUSM in a resource\u2010constrained setting allowed for greater safety and reliability of school meals at a similar cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:15:54Z","timestamp":1757546154000},"page":"29-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ready\u2010to\u2010Use School Meals in Northern Ghana Are a Viable Alternative to Traditional School Meals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1552","author":[{"given":"Issah","family":"Shani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Peanut Butter  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Wegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina O.","family":"Danquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Consumer Sciences University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-9568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Manary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Peanut Butter  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin B.","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Washington University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Firibu K.","family":"Saalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Steiner\u2010Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science University of Ghana  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2018.94023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Food Programme. \u201cSchool Feeding in Ghana\u2014Investment Case\u2014Cost Benefit Analysis Report \u201d (2019) https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/publications\/school\u2010feeding\u2010ghana\u2010investment\u2010case\u2010cost\u2010benefit\u2010analysis\u2010report https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/pr\/5744.","DOI":"10.29333\/pr\/5744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26502\/jfsnr.2642\u2010110000109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/pr\/5744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v6n2p11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/jeas\u201010\u20102021\u20100211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"World Food Programme. \u201cState of School Feeding Worldwide 2020 \u201d (2020) https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/publications\/state\u2010school\u2010feeding\u2010worldwide\u20102020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","article-title":"Review Effect of the Ghana School Feeding Programme on Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Status and Education of Children: A Review","author":"Tette E. 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A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Dietetics, 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2022.100285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47604\/ajep.2522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795\u2010024\u201000936\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.108662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.3.1019\u201010515R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/cea.6273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7176\/jesd\/12\u201022\u201001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2019.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2022.100140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12050942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063\u2010015\u20101116\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"The Central Statistics Office of Saint Lucia.2010 Population and Housing Census Final Report. (The Central Statistics Office of Saint Lucia 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service. (2021).2021 Population & Housing Census Project Document. March 1\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service.2020 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis(World Food Programme 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Mion District Assembly. (2021).Annual Progress Report for January\u2010December 2020 https:\/\/ndpc.gov.gh\/media\/NR_Mion_APR_2020.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/phmt.s447517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2020.102304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"ECOWAS\/WFP(2015).Home\u2010Grown School Feeding in Ghana. November 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"J.CoatesandB. 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