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While the active CdtB subunit is linked to various diseases, the pathogenic mechanisms of\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the liver and the precise actions of CdtB remain incompletely defined. This study generated a CdtB\u2010deficient strain (\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394CdtB) and compared it with the wild\u2010type\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    WT). Male BALB\/c mice were orally infected via gavage. The impacts of CdtB on liver injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and calcium homeostasis were systematically evaluated. Infection with\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    for 12 and 24 weeks induced significant hepatic inflammation and necrosis and a significant increase in hepatocyte proliferation. CdtB deficiency did not impair\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization but markedly reduced inflammatory severity. CdtB facilitated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, MCP\u20101, TNF\u2010\u03b1), driving chronic liver inflammation. Mechanistically,\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection upregulated ER stress\u2010related genes and proteins, increased calcium ion levels, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394CdtB infection showed no significant effects. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of ER stress by 4\u2010phenylbutyric acid alleviated calcium imbalance and attenuated liver injury. These findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>H.m<\/jats:italic>\n                    CdtB induces ER stress, disrupting intracellular calcium homeostasis and exacerbating liver injury in male BALB\/c mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:40:50Z","timestamp":1770961250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Helicobacter mastomyrinus<\/i>\n                    Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Calcium Dyshomeostasis and Liver Injury via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1556","author":[{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"},{"name":"Co\u2010Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal 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