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Individuals with personality disorders (PDs) appear particularly susceptible; however, knowledge regarding the relationship between loneliness and facets of personality functioning (PF) remains limited. Greater conceptual and empirical clarity is needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking loneliness with maladaptive self\u2010 and interpersonal functioning and to inform clinical practice. We examined the association between loneliness and PF in a longitudinal cohort of 87 inpatients undergoing psychotherapy programs. Loneliness was measured with the UCLA Loneliness Scale. PF was evaluated with the Semi\u2010Structured Interview for Personality Functioning and the Level of Personality Functioning Scale. Baseline loneliness scores were positively associated with self\u2010direction and intimacy, and changes in loneliness were correlated with changes in identity and intimacy. During treatment, significant changes were observed for loneliness and PF, particularly self\u2010functioning, based on self\u2010 and clinician ratings. These findings indicate that loneliness is associated with dimensions of self\u2010 and interpersonal functioning cross\u2010sectionally and longitudinally. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate how components of loneliness and PF are interconnected and to identify underlying mechanisms that may inform interventions aimed at reducing loneliness in individuals with PDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:00:32Z","timestamp":1770271232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loneliness and Its Associations With Personality Functioning: Evidence From Longitudinal Inpatient Psychotherapy Programs in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1556","author":[{"given":"Julia I.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"DZPG (German Center for Mental Health) Partner Site Munich\u2010Augsburg  Munich 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