{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:43:21Z","timestamp":1793727801448,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005683","name":"Kyoto University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann NY Acad Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Instrumental music may have evolved from earlier vocal expressions, gradually expanding into rhythmic sound production using tools. We report a novel case in which a captive male chimpanzee spontaneously produced a structured instrumental display using a self\u2010fabricated tool. The display consisted of combinatorial sequences of rhythmic actions resembling the structure of pant\u2013hoot vocalizations. Transition analyses revealed significant nonrandom transitions from tool\u2010assisted drumming to object dragging, and from dragging to object throwing, and rhythm analyses showed that the drumming patterns were predominantly isochronous. Tool\u2010assisted drumming was less variable than bodily drumming. Notably, facial expressions, including play face and silent bared teeth, were also observed, suggesting emotional engagement and potential social signaling. These findings indicate that emotional expression\u2014usually mediated via vocalizations\u2014can be externalized through instrumental sound. This behavior may provide important insights into evolutionary pathways leading to human musical expression. Our findings also support the hypothesis that music may have originated from affective vocal expression and evolved through multimodal integration of sound\u2010making behaviors. Observations from captive environments, where constraints such as predator avoidance are relaxed, may reveal otherwise\u2010hidden capacities for structured sound production. Our research highlights the evolutionary continuity between primate acoustic displays and the human capacity for music.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1774461620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combinatorial Instrumental Sound\u2010Making in a Captive Chimpanzee: Evolution of Vocal Externalization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1557","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Voinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Uchikoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Japan Monkey Centre  Inuyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199234080.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1360.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10636.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329\u2010003\u20100070\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11320"},{"issue":"2036","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","article-title":"Context\u2010Dependent Rhythmicity in Chimpanzee Displays","volume":"291","author":"Vleuten B. 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