{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:07:25Z","timestamp":1789222045347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann NY Acad Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Studying the sensorimotor response of flying insects is usually done in tethered conditions. The righting reflex, for example, is studied with insects that are released either from a rigid or a magnetic tether. The attached tether or magnet may, however, induce proprioceptive biases and behavioral artifacts through physical contact and additional mass or inertia. Here, we propose a contactless tether apparatus based on acoustic levitation. It relies on the emission of ultrasonic waves on both sides of the device, creating standing pressure waves\u2014visualized using the schlieren technique\u2014that enable insect levitation. We demonstrate its effectiveness on living hoverflies\n                    <jats:italic>Episyrphus balteatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . By quantifying the rate of motion of four natural body markers (head, abdomen, wing, and leg) and the wingbeat response, we show that hoverfly levitation can be stable for a long period of time, with minimal behavioral perturbation under ultrasound stimulation. We further illustrate the application of ultrasound tethering to study the hoverfly righting reflex. Beyond hoverflies, ultrasound tethering was applied successfully to levitate other insect species, such as dead\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ants. More broadly, ultrasound tethering might be relevant in the context of behavioral studies with flying or walking\u00a0insects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:01:48Z","timestamp":1779112908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contactless Acoustic Trapping of Hoverflies for Behavioral Studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1559","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS, ISM Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas Cuernavaca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS, ISM Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Viollet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS, ISM Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.141150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33302-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(82)90150-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"A. C.Costalago Meruelo \u201cTarsal Intersegmental Reflex Responses in the Locust Hind Leg\u201d (PhD diss. University of Southampton 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg0946"},{"issue":"861","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"On the Acoustic Radiation Pressure on Spheres, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"147","author":"King L. V.","year":"1934","journal-title":"Series A\u2010Mathematical and Physical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"On the Forces Acting on a Small Particle in an Acoustical Field in an Ideal Fluid","volume":"140","author":"Gor'kov L. P.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.034026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2396893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5042518"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4989995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2023.107230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u2010J.Hsu Y. E.Bayiz P.Liu andB.Cheng \u201cAn Insect Tether System Using Magnetic Levitation: Development Analysis and Feedback Control \u201d paper presented at the ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference Minneapolis MN October 12\u201314 2016.","DOI":"10.1115\/DSCC2016-9767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Verderber M.McKnight andA.Bozkurt \u201cElectromagnetic Levitation Platform for Wireless Study of Insect Flight Neurophysiology \u201d inProceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)(IEEE 2013) 1720\u20131723.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6609851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2024.100720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/18\/4\/012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023631"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-013-0806-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.Contreras J.Pazos\u2010Ospina J. L.Ealo C. D.Baresch andK.Volke\u2010Sep\u00falveda \u201cThe Role of the Numerical Aperture to Enhance Acoustic Trapping in Levitation With Focused Standing\u2010Waves \u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5767941.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5767941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2024.107454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"\u201cAcoustic Levitator \u201d Upnalab published 2018 https:\/\/www.instructables.com\/Acoustic\u2010Levitator\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2025.107606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56640-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013347"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Flight Instruments in Insects","volume":"38","author":"Waterman T. 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