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However, structured patterns of sounds and silences in rhythms (meter) allow various ways of moving to the beat. How do these different rhythmic interpretations affect social connectedness? Unacquainted dyads drummed in unison, and at more complex integer multiple and polyrhythmic ratios. Coordination requires continuously tracking who does what and when. We varied trackability by manipulating task\u2010sharing (the same or separate drum pads, and audible or inaudible partner drumming). More complex ratios decreased social connectedness. However, coordination revealed a dichotomy between unison and the more complex ratios: in unison drumming, participants automatically tracked and adjusted to each other's actions, but both integer multiples and polyrhythms separated the two participants\u2019 actions in time, allowing one to be stable despite their partner being variable. Hearing each other increased participants\u2019 mutual reliance on each other's actions, but by itself did not increase connectedness. However, sharing a drum pad and audio significantly boosted self\u2013other merging ratings. Notably, more stable coordination facilitated integrated self\u2013other representations. Our findings are consistent with the premise that meter provides a shared cognitive\u2010motor scaffold that enables group cohesion, while simultaneously allowing individual expression through multi\u2010part rhythm production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:22:38Z","timestamp":1785781358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rhythmic Structure Shapes Dyadic Self\u2212Other Representations Through Interpersonal Action Coupling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1562","author":[{"given":"Dhwani P.","family":"Sadaphal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Koliander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustics Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian R.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Stupacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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