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In the current research, we aim to address these questions by examining endorsement of traditional (overt) and modern (indirect) forms of sexism across 14 countries, including those with relatively low levels of gender equality (e.g., Saudi Arabia, India, and Egypt) and those with relatively high equality (e.g., Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Results show that endorsement of old\u2010fashioned sexism is inversely related to country\u2010level gender equality for women and men, whereas modern sexism endorsement is inversely related to gender equality for women, but not men. Thus, gender polarization is largest on modern sexist attitudes in relatively high gender\u2010equal countries, and this is because in such contexts modern forms of sexism are especially likely to be rejected by women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:45:17Z","timestamp":1787136317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A (Political) Battle of the Sexes: Gender Polarization on Gender\u2010Related Attitudes Across 14 Societies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1562","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime L.","family":"Napier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Program, Division of Science New York University Abu Dhabi  Abu Dhabi UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kodai","family":"Kusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Program, Division of Science New York University Abu Dhabi  Abu Dhabi UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"S.Blake \u201cGen Z's Gender Political Divide May be Impacting Their Dating Lives \u201dNewsweek April 22 2025 https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/gen\u2010zs\u2010gender\u2010political\u2010divide\u2010may\u2010impacting\u2010their\u2010dating\u2010lives\u20102062658."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"N.\u010coli\u0107 \u201cPolarization of the Sexes: Young Men and Women are Becoming Increasingly Distant \u201dNIN March 16 2025 https:\/\/www.nin.rs\/english\/news\/71659\/young\u2010men\u2010and\u2010women\u2010become\u2010increasingly\u2010distant\u2010polarization\u2010of\u2010genders."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"E.Pandey \u201cYoung Men and Women Are Moving in Opposite Directions \u201dAxios September 28 2024 https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/09\/28\/young\u2010men\u2010women\u2010divided\u2010politics\u2010religion."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"J.Scheffer \u201cGen Z Gender Polarization: An Alarming Trend \u201dHungarian Conservative February 04 2024 https:\/\/www.hungarianconservative.com\/articles\/opinion\/gen\u2010z\u2010gender\u2010polarization\u2010an\u2010alarming\u2010trend\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"J.Burn\u2010Murdoch \u201cA New Global Gender Divide is Emerging \u201dFinancial Times 2024 https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/29fd9b5c\u20102f35\u201041bf\u20109d4c\u2010994db4e12998."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"D.Thompson \u201cWhat is America's Gender War Actually About? \u201dThe Atlantic July 28 2024 https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2024\/07\/america\u2010gender\u2010war\u2010democrats\u2010vs\u2010republicans\/679266\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"J.Tolentino \u201cHow America Embraced Gender War \u201dThe New Yorker November 7 2024 https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/dispatches\/how\u2010america\u2010embraced\u2010gender\u2010war ."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"J.Demsas \u201cAre Young Men Really Becoming More Sexist? \u201dThe Atlantic June 25 2024 https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/podcasts\/archive\/2024\/06\/young\u2010men\u2010sexist\u2010feminism\u2010gender\/678764\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2005.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684315590774"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender","author":"Eagly A. 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