{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:28:04Z","timestamp":1790713684095,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,27]],"date-time":"2013-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>Over the past three decades, twin studies have shown variation in the heritability of obesity. This study examined the difference of body mass index (BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) heritability (BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>) by population characteristics, such as sex, age, time period of observation and average BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, as well as by broad social\u2010environmental factors as indicated by country\u2010level gross domestic product (GDP<\/jats:styled-content>) per capita and GDP<\/jats:styled-content> growth rate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twin studies that reported BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> and were published in E<\/jats:styled-content>nglish from J<\/jats:styled-content>anuary 1990 to F<\/jats:styled-content>ebruary 2011 after excluding those with disease, special occupations or combined heritability estimates for country\/ethnic groups were searched in P<\/jats:styled-content>ubM<\/jats:styled-content>ed. 32 studies were identified from F<\/jats:styled-content>inland (7), the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited K<\/jats:styled-content>ingdom (6), the U<\/jats:styled-content>nited S<\/jats:styled-content>tates (3), D<\/jats:styled-content>enmark (3), C<\/jats:styled-content>hina (3), N<\/jats:styled-content>etherlands (2), S<\/jats:styled-content>outh K<\/jats:styled-content>orea (2), S<\/jats:styled-content>weden (2) and four from other countries. Meta\u2010regression models with random effects were used to assess variation in BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Heterogeneity of BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> is significantly attributable to variations in age (<20, 20\u201355 and \u226556 years), time period of observation (i.e. year of data collection), average BMI<\/jats:styled-content> and GDP<\/jats:styled-content> (\u2264$20,000, $20,001\u201326,000 and >$26,000). BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> was higher in adolescents (<20 years), in studies done in past years, and in populations with higher average BMI<\/jats:styled-content>s or higher GDP<\/jats:styled-content> per capita (\u2265$26,000) than their counterparts. Consistent lowering effects of high GDP<\/jats:styled-content> growth rate (>median) on BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> were shown through stratified analyses by GDP<\/jats:styled-content>. BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> was lower in countries of mid\u2010level GDP<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly those experiencing rapid economic growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content> is sensitive to age, time period of observation, average BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, GDP<\/jats:styled-content> and rapid economic growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T04:19:21Z","timestamp":1377663561000},"page":"871-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Global Center on Childhood Obesity Department of International Health Human Nutrition Program Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine School of Medicine Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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