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The objective of this study is to review the available literature identifying infections that potentially contribute to greater body mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) and differential responses of overweight and obese persons to infections. A systematic literature review of human studies examining associations between infections and weight gain, differential susceptibility, severity, and response to prevention and treatment of infection according to BMI status (January 1980\u2013July 2014) was conducted. Three hundred and forty\u2010three studies were eligible for inclusion. Evidence indicated that viral infection by human adenovirus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>d36 and antibiotic eradication of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>elicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> were followed by weight gain. People who were overweight or obese had higher susceptibility to developing post\u2010surgical infections, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H1N1<\/jats:styled-content> influenza and periodontal disease. More severe infections tended to be present in people with a larger <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>. People with a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> had a reduced response to vaccinations and antimicrobial drugs. Higher doses of antibiotics were more effective in obese patients. Infections may influence <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> status may influence response to certain infections, as well as to preventive and treatment measures. 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