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These global efforts to monitor overweight and underweight often rest on the assumption that ethnic differences in underlying body form are sufficiently small to permit universal anthropometric cutoffs for comparing excess and insufficient body fat across populations. However, a century of work in human biological variation suggests that human populations can vary dramatically in underlying body form in a way that may require population\u2010sensitive cutoffs for monitoring. Here, we describe recently developed methods that can provide population\u2010sensitive assessments of both excess and insufficient energy reserves in a wide range of countries. We use this approach to illustrate how worldwide variation in human body form is far more widespread than previously thought, and that it can occur at several geographic scales, including the level of world regions, countries and populations within countries. The findings also suggest that using standard cutoffs that ignore this variation can underestimate current obesity levels in adults by more than 400\u2013500 million while also incorrectly prioritizing high\u2010risk areas for undernutrition in children in key regions around the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T12:06:55Z","timestamp":1467893215000},"page":"1030-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["How much do universal anthropometric standards bias the global monitoring of obesity and undernutrition?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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