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The emergence of metabolic syndrome epidemics over only a few decades suggests a more prominent role of the latter. Changes in our environment and lifestyle have indeed paralleled the rise in metabolic syndrome. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota, the composition of which plays a significant role in host physiology, including metabolism and energy homeostasis, are distinctly different within the context of metabolic syndrome. Among humans, recent lifestyle\u2010related changes could be linked to changes in diversity and composition of \u2018ancient\u2019 microbiota. Given the co\u2010adaptation and co\u2010evolution of microbiota with the immune system over a long period of time, it is plausible that such lifestyle\u2010related microbiota changes could trigger aberrant immune responses, thereby predisposing an individual to a variety of diseases. Here, we review current evidence supporting a role for gut microbiota in the ongoing rise of metabolic syndrome. We conclude that population\u2010level shifts in microbiota can play a mediatory role between lifestyle factors and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T02:34:16Z","timestamp":1544582056000},"page":"407-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Microbes: possible link between modern lifestyle transition and the rise of metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8329-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Moossavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba  Winnipeg 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