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Forty\u2010three observational studies were included (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 891,723): 21 cross\u2010sectional, 19 prospective, two case\u2010control and one conducted both a prospective and cross\u2010sectional analysis. Meta\u2010analysis demonstrated consumption of ultraprocessed food was associated with increased risk of overweight (odds ratio: 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23\u20101.51;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), obesity (odds ratio: 1.51; 95% CI, 1.34\u20101.70;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), abdominal obesity (odds ratio: 1.49; 95% CI, 1.34\u20101.66;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001), all\u2010cause mortality (hazard ratio: 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11\u20101.48;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), metabolic syndrome (odds ratio: 1.81; 95% CI, 1.12\u20102.93;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015) and depression in adults (hazard ratio: 1.22; 95% CI, 1.16\u20101.28,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) as well as wheezing (odds ratio: 1.40; 95% CI, 1.27\u20101.55;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) but not asthma in adolescents (odds ratio: 1.20; 95% CI, 0.99\u20101.46;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.065). In addition, consumption of ultraprocessed food was associated with cardiometabolic diseases, frailty, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia and cancer (breast and overall) in adults while also being associated with metabolic syndrome in adolescents and dyslipidaemia in children. Although links between ultraprocessed food consumption and some intermediate risk factors in adults were also highlighted, further studies are required to more clearly define associations in children and adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospero ID: CRD42020176752.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:47:36Z","timestamp":1604951256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":562,"title":["Ultraprocessed food and chronic noncommunicable diseases: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of 43 observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Barwon Centre of Orthopaedic Research and Education (B\u2010CORE) Barwon Health and St John of God Hospital Geelong Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Donoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine University of Navarra Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN) Carlos III Health Institute Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Loughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"O'Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Jacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Black Dog Institute Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical &amp; 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