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In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant\u2010based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)\u2014n\u20106 linoleic acid (LA) and n\u20103 \u03b1\u2010linolenic acid (ALA)\u2014have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine\u2010derived long\u2010chain n\u20103 PUFA\u2014eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti\u2010inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long\u2010term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean\u2013fat partitioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T09:59:41Z","timestamp":1611136781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6907-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathriona R.","family":"Monnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System University of Fribourg  Fribourg 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