{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:46:02Z","timestamp":1790185562480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several epidemiological studies examined the association of serum vitamin D with metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the findings were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta\u2010analysis to quantify the association between blood vitamin D levels and MetS in adults. A systematic search up to December 2020 was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI (Web of Science), Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for epidemiological studies that assessed the relation of serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (as the exposure) and MetS (as the outcome) in adults. Eligible cross\u2010sectional studies were restricted to those with representative populations. Finally, 43 studies were included in the analysis (38 cross\u2010sectional, one nested case\u2013control, and four cohorts studies). Combining 41 effect sizes from 38 cross\u2010sectional studies included 298,187 general adult population revealed that the highest level of serum vitamin D, compared with the lowest level, was significantly related to a 43% decreased odds of MetS in developed countries (odds ratio [OR]: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49\u20130.65) and 40% in developing countries (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.52\u20130.70). Linear dose\u2013response analysis (including 222,175 healthy individuals and 39,308 MetS patients) revealed that each 25\u2009nmol\/L increase in serum vitamin D level was significantly associated with a 15% decreased odds of MetS (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80\u20130.91); however, we found no significant nonlinear association. Meta\u2010analysis of five prospective studies with 11,019 participants revealed no significant relation (relative risk [RR]: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.37\u20131.32). This meta\u2010analysis indicated an inverse association between serum vitamin D concentrations and risk of MetS in general adult populations in cross\u2010sectional studies in a dose\u2013response manner. However, no significant association was found in a small number of cohorts. More prospective studies are needed to confirm the causality of this relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T22:40:11Z","timestamp":1617835211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Serum vitamin D levels in relation to metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta\u2010analysis of epidemiologic studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Hajhashemy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 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Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4605-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvane","family":"Saneei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 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