{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:16:55Z","timestamp":1792462615254,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016977","name":"Peterborough K. M. Hunter Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nuts are recommended for cardiovascular health, yet concerns remain that nuts may contribute to weight gain due to their high energy density. A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to update the evidence, provide a dose\u2013response analysis, and assess differences in nut type, comparator and more in subgroup analyses. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched, along with manual searches. Data from eligible studies were pooled using meta\u2010analysis methods. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic). Certainty of the evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Six prospective cohort studies (7 unique cohorts,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009569,910) and 86 RCTs (114 comparisons,\n                    <jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic>\n                    5873) met eligibility criteria. Nuts were associated with lower incidence of overweight\/obesity (RR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88 to 0.98]\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u201cmoderate\u201d certainty of evidence) in prospective cohorts. RCTs presented no adverse effect of nuts on body weight (MD 0.09\u2009kg, [95% CI \u22120.09 to 0.27\u2009kg]\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u201chigh\u201d certainty of evidence). Meta\u2010regression showed that higher nut intake was associated with reductions in body weight and body fat. Current evidence demonstrates the concern that nut consumption contributes to increased adiposity appears unwarranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T03:39:28Z","timestamp":1631072368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Are fatty nuts a weighty concern? A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis and dose\u2013response meta\u2010regression of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Nishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrici\u00f3 Humana Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Viguiliouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4199-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Blanco Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril W. C.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Bazinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6364-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena M.","family":"Comelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Salas Salvad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrici\u00f3 Humana Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV) Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. 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