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However, studies recruit participant populations with heterogeneous trait characteristics, including \u201chealthy\u201d individuals who do not present with eating behavior traits suggesting susceptibility to overconsumption. The present review considers the effects of tDCS across eating\u2010related measures and explores whether a trait\u2010dependent effect is evident across the literature. A literature search identified 28 articles using sham\u2010controlled tDCS to modify eating\u2010related measures. Random effects meta\u2010analyses were performed, with subgroup analyses to identify differences between \u201chealthy\u201d and trait groups. Trivial overall effects (<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.12 to 0.09) of active versus sham tDCS were found. Subgroup analyses showed a more consistent effect for trait groups, with small and moderate effect size (<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22121.03 to 0.60), suggesting tDCS is dependent on participants' eating behavior traits. Larger effect sizes were found for those displaying traits associated with study outcomes (e.g., heightened food cravings). \u201cHealthy\u201d individuals appear to be unresponsive to stimulation. Based on this meta data, future work should recruit those with eating behavior trait susceptibilities to overconsumption, focusing on those who present with traits associated with the outcome of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T08:55:47Z","timestamp":1637139347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Modulating eating behavior with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A systematic literature review on the impact of eating behavior traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan D.","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Nowicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Barwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Obesity and overweight. 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