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Eligible studies were (i) conducted on human children below the age of 18\u2009years, (ii) focused on body size measurements in childhood, (iii) examined at least one built environment characteristic, (iv) reported effect sizes and associated confidence intervals, and (v) were published in English language. A <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> test, as alternative to the meta\u2010analysis, was used to quantify associations due to heterogeneity in exposure and outcome definition. We found strong evidence for an association of traffic\u2010related air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides exposure, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and built environment characteristics supportive of walking (street intersection density, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 and access to parks, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) with childhood obesity. We identified a lack of studies that account for interactions between different built environment exposures or verify the role and mechanism of important effect modifiers such as age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T11:00:54Z","timestamp":1638529254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The built environment as determinant of childhood obesity: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Malacarne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Handakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics &amp; Policy Innovation (CHEPI), Imperial College Business School, and School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS) University of Girona  Girona Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Chatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"e223","article-title":"Fighting obesity in children from European World Health Organization member states. 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