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A subset of individuals consumes HP foods with behavioral phenotypes that mirror substance use disorders. Withdrawal, the emergence of aversive physical and psychological symptoms upon reduction or cessation of substance use, is a core component of addiction that was central to historical debates about other substances' addictive potential (e.g., nicotine and cocaine). However, no one has systematically considered evidence for whether HP foods cause withdrawal, which represents a key knowledge gap regarding the utility of addiction models for understanding compulsive overeating. Thus, we reviewed evidence for whether animals and humans exhibit withdrawal when reducing or eliminating HP food intake. Controlled experimental evidence indicates animals experience HP food withdrawal marked by neural reward changes and behaviors consistent with withdrawal from other addictive substances. In humans, preliminary evidence supports subjective withdrawal\u2010like experiences. However, most current human research is limited to retrospective recall. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate this construct. We outline future research directions to investigate HP food withdrawal in humans and consider potential clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T08:29:58Z","timestamp":1664958598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Withdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9208-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Parnarouskis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Addiction Science University of Southern California  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