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The answer could lie on the involvement of gastrointestinal factors, such as adipokines (e.g., leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) and ghrelin. In this context, we conducted a pre\u2010registered systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of 42 cross\u2010sectional and 13 longitudinal studies targeting the associations between leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin and the prevalence of general dementia, AD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We also examined the relationship between the four gastrointestinal factors and neurocognitive outcomes and AD\u2010related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Patients with AD had lower blood leptin and higher resistin levels than cognitively normal participants. Lower leptin and higher resistin were associated with higher degree of cognitive impairment. Additionally, lower late\u2010life leptin levels might be associated with higher prospective risk of dementia and AD, although more studies are needed to corroborate this. Results in ghrelin and adiponectin were not conclusive, with age, sex distribution, obesity, and severity of dementia seemingly acting as moderators across several analyses. Our work might contribute to the identification of new preclinical blood markers of MCI and AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T02:05:45Z","timestamp":1683770745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Assessing adipokines as potential biomarkers of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology University of Barcelona  Barcelona 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